Totaled and closed 11/12 Mr F

Totaled 11/09 Mr F

Totaled 11/06 Mr F

 

Leaf Anatomy

Leaf Anatomy- Mulicelluar

- Eukaryotes

- non-motile

- cell walls contain cellulose

- Autotrophs = contain chlorophyll

- Vital to life

- orginated 425 million years ago

- reproduction 2 phase alternating generations\

 

 

2 Main Phyla

- Bryophtes: non-vascular plants, ex; moss, hornworts

     Bryophtes two further subsets other than mosses:

          Marchantiophyta (liverworts): These are characteristically small plants of leafy or scale type that grow to a maximum of about 4 inches. They consist of a flat plant body and grow best in dense shade and are the only plant to not have stomata which differntiates them from other bryophtyes.

          Anthocerotophyta (honrworts): Small plants that grown in ribbon-like fashion. Each cell contains just one chloroplast and unlike liverworts, hornworts have stomata or 'slime pores' on their undersides

- Tracheophytes: vascular plants, ex; rose, tomato, fern

 

Non-Vascular Bryophytes

-seedless

-very small and low growing

-lack true roots, stems or leaves

-rhizoids long thin cells which anchor plants to ground and absorb water and minerals

-habitat moist and shaded areas

 

Bryophytes are non-vascular, meaning they have poorly developed tubes for transporting food and water inside.  Also, because they are seedless, bryophytes reproduce using spores instead of seeds.  Since water is required for reproduction and they lack a good transportation system of water, bryophytes grow primarily in very moist areas.  Here's a picture of moss, which is a very common type of non-vascular bryophyte.

 

http://www.bryology.org/assets/images/Steinkopf_50002.jpg

 

*You can find bryophytes growing packed together in cushions on rocks or on the trunks of trees.  There are three different types of bryophytes: Bryophyta (mosses that produce spores), Hepatophtya (Liverworts that have a shape resembling a flat sheet), and anthocerophyta (hornworts which are common in the rainforest). Bryophytes are usually found in dark, damp areas, they have also been found in arctic and desert regions, where they are subjected to extreme climates, yet still survive without damage, demonstrating the extraordinary abilities of the Kingdom Plantae.

 

Vascular Tracheophytes

-vascular tissue: conducting tissue which carris water and other substances within the plant

-xylem= transports water from roots up the plant

-phloem= transports nutrients from leaves down the plant

-have stems, roots and leaves

 

This image explains the task of the xylem and phloem in tracheophytes.  I found it useful because it clearly shows how the phloem and xylem move in different directions.  The phloem transports downward, while the xylem transports upwards towards the plant.

3 Division (aka phyla) of tracheophtyes

 

1. ferns and related plants

ex; club moss, horse tails and ferns

1200 species

 

2. gymnosperms cone bearing seed plants

ex; pines, spruce, cycades

-leaves frequently needle shaped to minimize water loss

- found in dry cold areas

-due to lower temperatures in winter, photosynthesis slows down, because kinetic energy goes down. See Enzymes.

-seeds are mostly clustered into cones

-conifers, including cedars, sequoias, redwooks and yews, are the most common form of gymnosperms and have specific adaptations to live in dry conditions.

they have needle shaped leaves that reduce surface area from which water can be lost by evaportation and also have a waxy layer that covers the needles, which beads water and lets it roll right off the leaves.

-most are evergreens and retain their leaves all year round, although some trees' needles do fall

3. Angiosperms: flowering seed

(90% for all plants) in which reproduction occurs with flowers

-seed embryo of plant surrounded by a seed coat

ex; fruits

 

Photosynthesis - light 

This is an image of a dicot root, which is known as a tap root system.  The root branches out more and goes deeper into the ground than the monocot root, which is shown below.

 

This is an image of a monocot root, which is known as a Fibrous root system.  They do not go as deep as dicot roots.

 

 

 

This picture helps to understand parallel veins in a leaf versus netted veins in a leaf.  A leaf with parallel veins is a monocot (left), and a leaf with netted veins is a dicot (right). 

 

 

 

 

To learn more about the distinction between monocots and dicots, visit this website, which includes information about the characteristics of monocots and dicots.  It also answers some feq's about real-life examples of monocots and dicots:  http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8/monocotdicot.html 

 

 

     Kingdom Plantea is not the biggest kingdom, but it is argueably one of the most important.  Everyone knows that all life revolves around the sun.  The next step from the sun are plants.  Plants perform Photosynthesis, which enables them to produce sugars and oxygen.  This is important because it fuels all the other kingdoms.  Animals eat plants, which got there energy from the sun.  That is why the kingdom Plantea is very important.

 

Tissues:

- Dermal/Protective tissue: "Skin" of a plant; outermost layer which contains single layer of epidermal cells which are covered with cuticle. Consists of the epidermis and periderm. The cuticle is a layer that is secreted by the epidermis

- Vascular tissue: "Bloodstream" of a plant; transports/conducts water (xylem) and nutrients (phloem) throughout the plant

- Ground tissue: Found between vascular and dermal tissue, synthesizes organic compounds, supports the plant and provides storage. Mostly made up of parenchyma cells

Roots:

- Anchor plant

- Absorb water and minerals from soul through active transport

- Requires energy and oxygen

- Taproot: one root found in dicots example: a carrot

- Fibrous Root: the thin identical branches that take hold in shallow soil are a common factor to all monocot plants, like weeds, as well as some dicot plants.

-Main "organ" of a plant

-Typically lies under the soil surface, but not all of the time

-Roots can be "aerial" and grow above the ground, or "aerating",  growing up above the ground or above water.

     Plants and leaves obtain water by sending roots down into the ground, which penetrate the soil until a water source is found. Upon finding this source, a root will send shoots out horizontally in order to suck in as much water as it can, which will then be pumped actively up the truck of the tree to the leaves. Some of this water will even be released from the leaves as vapor.

 

Stems:

- Provide support for leaves, flowers, and fruit of a plant, as well as general structural support

- Some store food, example: rhubarb

- Two types: Wood (like a tree) and Herbaceous (soft, green and live up to two seasons)

-One of two main structural axes in a vascular plant

-Stem is divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into leaves, flowers, or other stems

-In most plants stems are located above the soil surface, but some plants are known to develope underground stems

 

Flowers:

- Organ of reproduction found in flowering plants

- Pollination: transfer of pollen from one to another by wind, water, birds, insects

- Petals are for attracting pollinators, not for reproductive purposes.

-Some flowers are able to self-pollinate, although this is not a regular characteristic of flowering plants

-The reproductive process of a plant starts with the pollination, is followed by fertilization, and ends with the dispersal of the seeds produced

 

http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4815009/129407-main_Full.jpg - Flower reproduction system.

 

Plant Adaptions:

Plants have adaptations to help them survive (live and grow) in different areas. Adaptations are special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat. These adaptations might make it very difficult for the plant to survive in a different place. This explains why certain plants are found in one area, but not in another. For example, you wouldn't see a cactus living in the Arctic. Nor would you see lots of really tall trees living in grasslands.

 

Chloroplasts

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=stryer.figgrp.2666 in this link, it shows the break down of a Cholorplast and the jobs that each part does. The Stroma, both membranes and Thylakoids are mentioned 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plant's Defense Systems:

 

Four strategies plants use to protect themselves:

 

      1.      Is to escape or avoid herbivores in time or in place.  For example by growing in a different location where they are not easily found.

2.      The plant tolerates herbivores.  For example, the plant diverts the herbivore to eat an unnecessary part of the plant. Also, to develop an enhanced   ability to recover from the damage.

3.      Some plants have a defense like spikes or thorns, which in turn protect the plant from other damaging herbivores.

4.      Plants protect themselves by confrontation, which is the use of chemical or mechanical defenses. For example they use toxins that kill herbivores or reduce plant digestibility.

Through evolution insects have been the most significant herbivores. While most plants defend themselves against insects, other defenses have evolved that plants protect themselves against vertebrate herbivores, which are birds and mammals.

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Hold curser on photos to read caption 

Examples of plants who protect themselves and how:

 

          There are many different ways in which plants adapt to protect themseleves from herbevores, insects and the enviorment. One way plants protect themselves is by adapting some sort of a weapon or trap. For example the plant species named Nettles has small hypodermic stingers that painfully prick animals that try to eat them. Along with these plants there is also the Venus Fly Trap and Trumpet Pitches. The Venus Fly Trap has adapted to actually eat and digest flies and other small insects. It has leaves in the shape of an open clam. This "clam" has sensory hairs on the tip so when a fly goes into the plant it quickly shuts, trapping the fly; and as the fly struggles the plant shuts even harder, further trapping the fly. Trumpet Pitches have a similar way to trap bugs and insects. It has a large vertical tube with a nectar that lures insects to the tubes opening at the top. Once they reach the top, millions of microscopic downward pointing stems make the bug slip down into the bottom where it drowns.                  

 

- Here is a cool video that shows a Venus Fly Trap eating a huge fly and a frog-

http://www.break.com/usercontent/2008/7/Venus-Fly-Trap-Eating-A-Frog-531745.html

 

          Another way plants adapt to protect themselves is through disguise. For example the Passion Flower was formerly plagued by butterflies laying their eggs which would spawn catipillars that eat them. To protect from this the plant began to grow small yellow pods to resemble butterfly eggs; because butterflies do not plant one egg in the same spot as another, the plants do not get any catipillars on them. Another example of a plant that uses disguise is the Pebble Plant. It is fairly straight forward, the plant lives in an enviorment where there are a lot of rocks so it adapted to look like a rock therefore fooling animals that eat them.

 

-Here is a video of a sea plant "running away" when someone touches it-

http://www.guzer.com/videos/sea-plant-disappears-when-touched.php

 

     Plants can also protect themselves by having physical "attackers" like thorns, or by being poisonous/harmful to the herbivore attacking them. For example, poison ivy deters a human from touching it or an animal from eating it by containing a certain chemical on its outer "skin" that causes a rash. Raspberry plants have thorns to protect themselves as well, so that animals dont munch on their stems. Also, leaves of plants can injur the animal attacking them, or the leaves can be very slippery like on a holly plant, causing the animal to slip off of them when they try to climb on. Below is a picture of a roses thorns, one way a plant deters attackers.

 

     Another plant that has physical attackers is the nettle from North England. The nettle has painful stingers that are constructed from silica and filled with poison. When animals touch the nettle, it hurts them and they know not to touch the nettle anymore. Also, Bracken plants have such poisonous leaves that those who touch them are known to get cancer and other diseases. 

 

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: 

Photosynthesis is a process of taking inroganic material to make new organic matter through the combining of carbon dioxide and water using solar energy. This process only occurs in green plants, blue-green algae, and certain bacteria.

Plants capture light energy and make their own food using it. The process of photosynthesis is what allows the plants to make their own food. Photosynthesis allows the chlorophyll inside each leaf to capture energy. The captured energy is used to build carbohydrates from simple raw materials. (water, carbon dioxide and minerals) These carbohydrates, also known as sugar, are the plants food. The plant uses some of the sugar, but also stores some. Photosynthesis also needs the following raw materials to function: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Animals breath out carbon dioxide, so this gives the plants oxygen and carbon. Plants receive the hydrogen through water. The materials enter the plant either at the roots or the leaves.  

Water & Plants:

Water gets to a plant through its roots. (Types of roots for a plant are described above) The water travels up toward the leaves of the tree using the xylem.

The site below was very helpful in explainging how not only water, but the nutrients plants need and produce from photosynthesis travel up and down the plant.

http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-plants-get-water-and-nutrients.html

 

http://cavehill.uwi.edu/FPAS/bcs/bl14apl/bl14apl.htm this breaks down all of the aspects of the plant kingdom into

smaller sections

 

 

REPRODUCTION in Kingdom Plantae:

 

• Asexual Reproduction:

 

This is a nonsexual form of reproduction in which an exact genetic copy of the parent is created, by only the parent organism.  Examples include budding, fragmentation, gemmae production, and stolon production.

 

This is a picture of a gemmae cup.  Some plants such as liverworts produce gemmae which are exact copies of the parent plant that produced them.  These gemmae are held in cupules until rain water carry them away to a suitable location for growth.

 

 

Water is also a good example of asexual reproduction. Plants that grow near water will drop their pods into the water and hopefully the seeds will get carried away to a place where they can germinate and establsish themselves. Most plants that grow above water will have seeds that are dispersed by the water, but not necessarily all of them do this.

 

• Sexual Reproduction:

 

1)    Active Reproduction is assisted by animals.  A good example is seen with flowers and honey bees.  As honey bees go from flower to flower collecting nectar, they carry pollen with them.  This pollen is transferred from one flower to another, causing pollination.  Pollination is the first step in reproduction.  The honey bee is an example of an which is why it is an example of active reproduction.

This figure is showing a bee that is collecting nectar.  Along with this nectar the bee will get some pollen which will likely fertilize another flower.

 

 

There are other ways a plant gets its seeds to be planted. Plants grow fruit in an attempt to get animals to carry the seeds away from the parent plant. If the younger plants were to grow to close to the parent plant, there would be a lot of competition for food, water and space. Some plants have seeds that have hooks or are sticky, so when an animal walks by, the seed gets caught on the fur or clothing and is carried far away from the parent plant, hopefully to find suitable conditions for the seed to grow. Also, the fruit of some plants are hard and cannot be digested by the animal that eats them. When the seeds pass through the whole digestive system, they can find a place where they can grow and are not competing for space. When squirrels and birds gather nuts, the sometimes don't eat them all, leaving the seeds free to germinate and grow into a parent plant.

 

2)    Passive Reproduction is not assisted by animals.  Often instead the plant relies on the wind to carry pollen to reach and pollinate the other plants.  Lots of grasses use passive reproduction and produce large amounts of wind blown pollen.

 

This figure is showing how the pollen grains from the Anther of one plant are carried passively by wind to the ovules of another plant on the plants Stigma.

 

3)     Explosive Reproduction: this is when a seed pod literally explodes and throws its seeds far away from the original plant, thus dispersing the seeds quite effectivly. An example of this is type of reporduction are plants from the pea family. They produce pods which dry in the sun causing tension to build up in the wall of the pod, ultimately causing it to split. When the pod does split, it pops open which throws the loose seeds inside away from the pod.

 

 

PLANT KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS:

 

• multi-cellular
• eukaryotic
• non-motile
• cell walls contain cellulose
• autotropths-chlorphyll
• vital to life(food, O2)
• discovered 435M years ago 

 

 

Vascular plants are plants that have specialized conducting tissue and are usually grouped as tracheophytes and include the ferns, horsetails, angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms (pine-like trees). Thallophytes (water type plants) and bryophytes (mosses) do not have true roots, stems, and leaves and possess no specialized system for the conduction of food and water from one part of the plant to another. Plants that have a vascular system are larger and able to cope with a "land situation." There are no plants with a vascular system in a total water environment because the water provides the nutrients the plants require, so they do not have to "conduct" these substances.

Woody stems are mostly secondary xylem (wood) surrounded by bark. The xylem may include heart-wood and sap-wood. Heart-wood is dead and non-functional. The sap wood is functional and has living parenchymal cells.

 

Non-Vascular Plants have no roots or stems or leaves. They do not contain tissues such as zylem and phloem, some examples are mosses and algae. Also these types of plants are refered to as the lowest form in the plant kingdom and were some of the first forms of plant life on earth. Unlike most plants that have an alternation of generations, non-vascular plants only have a dominant gametophyte generation. They are completely dependent on gametophytes for taking in water and other materials. These plants grow from spores as well.

 

Two different types of groups of non-vascular plants are Brophytes and Algae. Brophytes consist of a stalk and a sporangium, but they lack in water conducting tissue so they cannot grow to be as big as most vascular plants are. They algae group is said in recent studies to consist of two unrelated groups, and that the factors of living in water and using photosynthesis are misleading as indicating a close relationship.

 

Vascular Plant

Non Vascular Plant

These are some more examples/visuals of vascular vs. nonvascular plants

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KINGDOM PLANTAE DIVISIONS:

 

 

Division Bryophyta (Mosses & Liverworts)

Mosses have minute "leaves" and stalks bearing a terminal capsule (sporangium) containing spores; moss sex organs (male antheridia and female archegonia) are typically produced on the leafy gametophytes of separate male and female plants; liverworts have a dorsi-ventrally flattened thallus with tiny palmlike stalks bearing male and female sex organs; the gametophyte thallus of some species also bears small, cuplike structures called gemmae cups; the cups contain lens-shaped buds called gemmae which can grow asexually into new thallus plants; there are aquatic and terrestrial forms of mosses and liverworts, some of which have a flattened, thallus that superficially resembles certain forms of green algae; these fascinating little nonvascular embryophytes are often subdivided into two separate divisions.

Division Psilophyta (Psilotum)

Primitive leafless vascular plants bearing 3-lobed sporangia on branches; includes the unusual wisk fern (Psilotum nudum; plants such as this (including treelike forms as tall as telephone poles) were abundant in ancient swamplands 300 million years ago.

Division Lycophyta (Club Mosses)

Minute "true" leaves superficially resembling a moss; terminal, stalked spore-bearing strobilus in Lycopodium; in Selaginella male and female sporangia are produced in the leaf axils; also includes the bizarre quillworts (Isoetes); many fossil forms (some tree-like) dating back 300 million years ago; Lycopodium spores used for dust explosion demonstrations, and were used for flash powder prior to flash bulbs and strobe lights.

Division Sphenophyta (Horsetails)

Primitive vascular plant group of the Carboniferous Period (300 million years ago) with jointed stems, whorls of tiny scale-like leaves at the nodes, and a terminal spore cone (strobilus); some species with dense branches at nodes, apparently resembling a bushy horse's tail to some botanists; also called "scouring rushes" because the silica-impregnated stems were used to clean pots and pans; many fossils, including tree-like forms dating back 300 million years ago; the present-day genus Equisetum is a living fossil with several species that are the only living representatives of this ancient group of vascular plants.

Division Pterophyta (Ferns)

Leaves (fronds) with sporangia clusters (sori) on the underside; fronds arising from subterranean, creeping rhizomes and from trunks of tree-like forms (called tree ferns); includes the orders Filicales (true ferns Adiantum, Pteridium, Dryopteris, Polypodium, Polystichum, Pellaea, etc.), Marsileales (clover-leaf ferns Marselia and pillworts Pillularia), Ophioglossales (adder's tongue fern Ophioglossum), and Salviniales (water ferns Azolla and Salvinia). Sometimes these latter "ferns" are called "fern allies" because they belong to different orders; i.e. they do not belong to the order Filicales (the order of true ferns).

An "air fern" (Sertularia argenta). This is NOT a true fern. It is the skeletal remains of a dead marine hydrozoan which has been dyed green. Hydrozoans belong to the animal Phylum Cnidaria (Class Hydrozoa), and include many marine and freshwater species. [True corals and sea anemones belong to the Class Anthozoa and jellyfish belong to the Class Scyphozoa.] Hydrozoans form intricately branched colonies attached to rocks and ocean bottoms. The fernlike branches are composed of numerous, minute, chitinous chambers where the individual animals once lived. When the colony was alive, a tentacle-bearing polyp occupied each chamber (hydrotheca). The "air fern" does not grow because it is dead. In fact, it has no roots or leaves and the green coloring will dissolve if you soak the air fern in water. Most commercial air ferns are collected by trawlers in the North Sea. They are sold as a curiosity or decorative "indoor plant," and as underwater decorations for aquaria.

Note: Although it has jellyfish characteristics, the infamous Portuguese man-of-war (Physelia) actually belongs to the Class Hydrozoa (Order Siphonophora). It is a large colonial animal with a bladderlike float or air sac and long stinging tentacles that hang down in the water. An accidental encounter with one of of these creatures can be a painful and dangerous experience for a swimmer.

Division Cycadophyta (Cycads)

Palm-like plants with large seed and pollen cones; flourished during the days of the dinosaurs and undoubtedly were a major food supply for herbivorous dinosaurs; cycads were so numerous in Mesozoic times that this era is often called the Age of Cycads and Dinosaurs; cycads are dioecious species with pollen cones and seed cones produced on separate male and female individuals; in some species, the enormous pollen and seed cones may reach 3 feet in length and may weigh up to 90 pounds, the largest of all living cone-bearing plants.

Division Ginkgophyta (Maidenhair Tree)

Seeds borne in pairs on dwarf shoots; leaves similar in shape to the maidenhair fern (Adiantum); a true living fossil dating back 185 million years; only one living representative Ginkgo biloba.

Division Gnetophyta (Gnetum & Welwitschia)

A remarkable plant division including Ephedra, Gnetum and Welwitschia; stems of Ephedra are jointed with small scale-like leaves at the nodes; the bizarre, shredded, wind-blown leaves of Welwitschia arise from a woody caudex on the desert floor; this division includes species with vessels and other characteristics typically found in flowering plants.

Division Coniferophyta (Cone-Bearing Trees & Shrubs)

Seeds borne on the surface of woody scales, the overlapping scales forming a cone; includes pine (Pinus), fir (Abies), spruce (Picea), hemlock (Tsuga), larch (Larix), juniper (Juniperus), and cypress (Cupressus); also includes the tallest (redwood) and most massive (giant sequoia) living organisms; some species (especially pines) require fire for seed germination and regeneration.

Division Anthophyta (Flowering Plants)

Class Monocotyledoneae: Monocots. Flower parts in 3's or multiple of

3's; one cotyledon inside seed; parallel leaf venation; includes Lilium,

Amaryllis, Iris, Agave, Yucca, orchids, duckweeds, grasses, & palms.

Class Dicotyledoneae: Dicots. Flower parts in 4's or 5's; 2 cotyledons

inside seed; branched or net leaf venation; includes the most species

of flowering herbs, shrubs and trees.

 

 

LOWER PLANTS vs HIGHER PLANTS

Lower Plants

'Lower plants' is a collective term for three mains groups of plants, mosses, liverworts and lichens which do not have roots and produce spores to reproduce, rather than flowers. Mosses and liverworts have stems and leaves and attach themselves to rocks, soil or trees using modified stems called rhizoids.

Mosses and liverworts are reliant on mild, damp conditions to flourish as most of the species have limited ability to retain water. This makes the woodlands of the west Highlands among the richest habitats in Europe for mosses and liverworts, and Sunart is one of the most outstanding areas for the number of different species it supports. For example, over 300 species of mosses and liverworts have been recorded here, including several species which only survive at sites with long historical continuity of woodland cover.

Lichens are two plants, a fungus and an alga, which grow together in close association (symbiosis). Lichens tend to grow more profusely in areas which are more open to sunlight than is the case with mosses and liverworts, but are highly sensitive to atmospheric pollution. It is testament to the outstanding air quality at Sunart that over 200 species of lichen are known to grow in the area, with one species found in its only known location in Britain.

The acidity of tree bark influences the development of lichens, with less acidic bark being a more equable substrate for lichens to grow on. Hence hosts which have less acidic bark, including such species as ash and hazel, and older trees in general, can develop very rich assemblages of lichens. Continuity of tree cover is also important as it is thought that some species of lichen can take as much as 100 years to establish.

Vascular plant ALSO HIGHER PLANTS

Fossil range: Early Silurian - Recent

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (in part)

Divisions

Non-seed-bearing plants

Equisetophyta

Lycopodiophyta

Psilotophyta

Pteridophyta

Superdivision Spermatophyta

Pinophyta

Cycadophyta

Ginkgophyta

Gnetophyta

Magnoliophyta

The vascular plants are plants in the kingdom Plantae (also called plantae) that have specialized tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular plants include the ferns, clubmosses, horsetails, flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. Scientific names are Tracheophyta and Tracheobionta, but neither is very widely used. Nonvascular plants include both earlier-derived lineages in Plantae (mosses, hornworts, and liverworts) and members of other kingdoms (the various algae).

The vascular plants are set apart in two main ways:

Vascular plants have vascular tissues, which circulate resources through the plant. This feature allows vascular plants to evolve to a larger size than non-vascular plants, which lack these specialized conducting tissues and are therefore restricted to relatively small sizes.

In vascular plants, the principal generation phase is the sporophyte, which is diploid with two sets of chromosomes per cell. In non-vascular plants, the principal generation phase is often the gametophyte, which is haploid with one set of chromosomes per cell. See also alternation of generations and life history.

Water transport happens in either xylem or phloem: xylem carries water and inorganic solutes upward toward the leaves from the roots, while phloem carries organic solutes throughout the plant. Group of plants having lignified conducting tissue (xylem vessels or tracheids).

 

 Higher plants have flowers and a vascular systems (vessels) to bring nutrients to the photosynthetic factory (leaves).