closed 10 26

Totaled 10/14 Mr F

 

Biomolecules:Composed of long chains made from smaller molecules. They form through polymerization.

Monomer= single units

Polymer= many monomers joined together

 

Organic Molecules: CHON

                     -Carbon (Strong, flexible backbone with 4 valence electrons)

                      -Hydrogen (Filler and electron donor with 1 valence electron)

                      -Oxygen (Touchy and reactive with 2 valence electrons)

                      -Nitrogen (Always ready to combine with O2 with 3 valece electrons)

 

• Only 4 groups of organic compounds found in living things:  (Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and DNA)

 

 

1. Carbohydrates

• monomers = simple sugars (Glucose)
• monosaccharides - simplest carbohydrates
• disaccharides - two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond formed through dehydration reaction

• polysaccharides - macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few hundred thousand monosaccharides          
• Carbohydrates are polymers

Examples:

plants:

• cellulose = cell walls
• starch = energy storage

animals:

• Glycogen = 1 day supply of glucose

insects:

• Chitin = what the shell is made from

 

2. Lipids:

• Fatty acids = monomer
• Contains a hydrophopic end and a hydrophilic end
• Lipids are sort of polymers (you cannot add to them)

 

Saturated Fats:

• In saturated fats, each Carbon is joined with another Carbon, and there is the maximum number of Hydrogen atoms.
• No double bonds in the carbon tail
• Found in animal products
• Solid at room temperature (can really pack them in)
• Straight

  These are solid because their "chains" are straight at the tail, so they can pack more and therefore be solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fats:

• If there are any double Carbon bonds, then the fat is unsaturated.
• Contains double or triple bonds
• Bent
• Liquid at room temperature
• Found in: plants, legumes and fish oils

  These are liquid because their "chains" are bent at the end, and therefore don't pack in tight enough (the bend makes it harder) and are liquid at room temperature.

Uses of lipids: (animals)

• energy storage
• waterproof
• coverings
• insulation
• cushioning of organs
• cell membranes

 

 

Uses of lipids: (plants)

 

• oil for seed
• dispersion
• cell membranes

Two Other Major Uses

• Cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)
• Steroids

               -cholesterol

               -testosterone

               -estrogen

               -composed of four rings of carbon

 

Proteins

- Amino acids= monomer

• Only 20 amino acids used by us
• Small enough to come and go through cell membrane
• Essential amino acids= must be ingested

  

   

Protein Structures

• As protiens are formed, they begin a straight chain of amino acids. This new structure is called a primary structure, forming a somewhat zig-zagged image and looks like this:

  

• Once the primary structure is completed, it begins to twist,  and slowly curl up. Similarly, within the amino acid chain, the amino acids interact with one another and either twist like cork screws or a flat folded sheet. This is known as the secondary structure and looks like this:

  

• Next, the amino acids begin to fold even more while forming disulfide bridges, which help bond the amino acids. This is known as tertiary, and is known as step three for protein structures; it looks like this:

  

• Finally, the forth and final step occurs. Within this step, several amino acid chains from the tertiary structure fold together in a blob as they wind in and out of one antoher. This is known as the quaternary stage as it is the forth and final step to making a protein; it looks like this:

  

   

 

Protein Con't

- Amino acids all have the same ends: side chain, amine group, acid group, and backbone

- The side chain group determines how it behaves

- Shape is everything

• Side groups have positive and negative charges that twist and pull the amino acid chain into specific shapes that are needed for proteins to function

-Denatured = shape is changed

• no longer do what they were supposed to do

- Easily broken down back to recyclable amino acids for re-use

 

 

- - - -

Dehydration Synthesis:

"AKA" Condensation reaction.

Monomers are combined and H2O is RELEASED. In order to put bonds together, water must be taken out.

 <--- visual on dehydration

 

video shows dehydration synthesis between fructose and glucose 

 

Hydrolysis:

The opposite of Dehydration Synthesis.

With the breaking of bonds, a water molecule is ADDED to the smaller molecules. To break bonds, water must be added.

 <--- a visual on hydrolysis

 

*To see an animation of a peptide bond visit this site:  http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/aminocon.html  I found it very helpful, since they color-coded the watert that was removed from the bond in blue, and the peptide bond is in red.  To activate the animation, just click anywhere on the page.

 

Water, Water Everywhere

 

-water is a polar molecule which means that there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms

-hydrogen bonds: water molecules attract each other as well as other polar molecules

-cohesion: ann attraction between molecules of the same substance

-adhesion: an attraction between molecules of different substances 

 

 

 

-I included this video because it shows the four different structures of proteins with an animated presentation. The man in the video describes how the structures are folded at different stages and what keeps them together. 

 

 

 

Building Macromolecules.

 

macromolecules are large molecules, made from smaller molecules.  They can either be a few units, or hundreds and thousands of units.

 

Monosaccharide- a single large molecule

 

Disaccharide- two large molecules.

 

Polysaccharide- More than two large molecules.  Can be any amount of large molecules as long as it is more than two.

 

 

Chapter 2 Sections 1-3 Notes

 

2.1: The Nature of Matter

1. Atoms
   1. atom- the basic unit of matter
   2. the subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons
   3. nucleus- the center of the atom that contains the protons and neutrons
   4. electron- negatively charged particle with 1/1840 the mass of a proton
2. Elements and Isotopes
   1. element- a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
   2. isotopes- atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain
   3. because they have the same number of electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties.
   4. compound- a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

3. Chemical Bonds

   1. the main types of chemical bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds
   2. ionic bond- formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
   3. ions- positively and negatively charged atoms
   4. covalent bond- forms when electrons are shared between atoms
   5. molecule- the smallest unit of most compounds
   6. van der Waals forces- a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

2.2: Properties of Water

1. The Water Molecule
   1. A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
   2. cohesion- an attraction between molecules of the same substance
   3. adhesion- an attraction between molecules of different substances
2. Solutions and Suspensions
   1. mixture- a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined
   2. solution- mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed
   3. solute- the substance that is dissolved
   4. solvent- the substance in which the solute dissolves
   5. suspensions- mixtures of water and nondissolved material
3. Acids, Bases, and pH
   1. pH scale- measurement system designed to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution
   2. acid- an compound that forms H+ ions in solution
   3. Acidic solutions contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values below 7
   4. base- a compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution
   5. Basic, or alkaline, solutions contain lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values above 7
   6. buffers- weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

2.3: Carbon Compounds

1. Macromolecules
   1. monomers- small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
   2. polymer- large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
   3. Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
2. Carbohydrates
   1. carbohydrates- compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
   2. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes
   3. monosaccharides- single sugar molecules
   4. polysaccharides- large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
3. Lipids
   1. lipids- made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms
   2. common categories: fats, oils, and waxes
   3. Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
4. Nucleic Acids
   1. nucleic acids- macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
   2. nucleotides- consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
   3. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information
   4. ribonucleic acid (RNA)- contains the sugar ribose
   5. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)- contains the sugar deoxyribose
5. Proteins
   1. proteins-macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
   2. amino acids- compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end
   3. Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some are used to form bones and muscles. Others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease